Endoscopic procedures include direct or indirect visualization of the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi. Endoscopy may be undertaken to obtain biopsy samples, delineate airway anatomy, remove obstructing foreign bodies, assess hemoptysis, place stents and guidewires, position radiation catheters, apply photodynamic therapy, and perform cryotherapy and laser surgery.
There's more to see -- the rest of this topic is available only to subscribers.