Clinical Anesthesia Procedures
Specific Considerations With Cardiac Disease - Congestive Heart Failure
Heart failure results from impairment of ventricular systolic or diastolic function. Heart failure manifests as dyspnea, fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, and pulmonary or peripheral edema. Heart failure can be classified into two categories: (1) heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) that is associated with variable degrees of LV enlargement and depressed ventricular ejection and (2) heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in which diastolic dysfunction is pronounced.
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Citation
Pino, Richard M., editor. "Specific Considerations With Cardiac Disease - Congestive Heart Failure." Clinical Anesthesia Procedures, 10th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2022. Anesthesia Central, anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/ClinicalAnesthesiaProcedures/728134/1/Specific_Considerations_With_Cardiac_Disease___Congestive_Heart_Failure.
Specific Considerations With Cardiac Disease - Congestive Heart Failure. In: Pino RMR, ed. Clinical Anesthesia Procedures. Wolters Kluwer; 2022. https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/ClinicalAnesthesiaProcedures/728134/1/Specific_Considerations_With_Cardiac_Disease___Congestive_Heart_Failure. Accessed July 24, 2025.
Specific Considerations With Cardiac Disease - Congestive Heart Failure. (2022). In Pino, R. M. (Ed.), Clinical Anesthesia Procedures (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/ClinicalAnesthesiaProcedures/728134/1/Specific_Considerations_With_Cardiac_Disease___Congestive_Heart_Failure
Specific Considerations With Cardiac Disease - Congestive Heart Failure [Internet]. In: Pino RMR, editors. Clinical Anesthesia Procedures. Wolters Kluwer; 2022. [cited 2025 July 24]. Available from: https://anesth.unboundmedicine.com/anesthesia/view/ClinicalAnesthesiaProcedures/728134/1/Specific_Considerations_With_Cardiac_Disease___Congestive_Heart_Failure.
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