Pharmacotherapy

Nonopioid pharmacotherapeutic agents can be used as sole or adjuvant therapy for the treatment of pain. Common medications include the following:

1. Acetaminophen 10 to 15 mg/kg PO (IV administration is also 10 to 15 mg/kg) and 30 to 45 mg PR. Daily dosing should not exceed 75 mg/kg for children, 60 mg/kg for neonates, and 45 mg/kg for preterm infants.
2. Ketorolac given 0.5 mg/kg IV or IM (given q6h). Caution is used in patients less than 2 years old.
3. Additional agents include ketamine, gabapentin, dexmedetomidine, clonidine, and magnesium.