The neonatal period refers to the time from when a child is born and adjusting from intrauterine environment/physiology through the first month of life. About 10% of newborns require brief resuscitation at birth such as assistance with respiration, whereas 1% require more extensive interventions. At least one person who is skilled in the resuscitation of newborns should be present at every delivery. Rapid assessment of term gestation, respiration/crying, and good muscle tone (“yes” to all three predicts good outcome) helps identify babies who may require ongoing resuscitation from those who can stay with the mother. Resuscitation is often needed during an emergent cesarean section for fetal distress. In the event that the anesthesiologist is the only provider available to treat the newborn, the neonatal warmer should be brought to the head of the OR table to facilitate the treatment and monitoring of both the mother and child until a second provider (pediatrician) arrives (Figure 39.7).